# shop/rates.py
EU_RATES = [0.19, 0.2, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.25]

# shop/tax.py
def rate(i):
    return [0.19, 0.2, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.25][i]

$ ur lint --rule duplicated-data
warning[duplicated-data]: 2 collections hold the same values: 0.19, 0.2, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.25
  --> shop/rates.py:1:12 list `EU_RATES`
  --> shop/tax.py:2:12 list `rate`
  = hint: define the values once and refer to them, or derive one collection from the other
0 clone classes and 1 set of duplicated data in 2 files

# tests/test_parse.py
def test_parses():
    try:
        parse("1 + 2")
    except ParseError:
        pass

$ ur lint --rule no-assertion
warning[no-assertion]: test `test_parses` checks nothing
  --> tests/test_parse.py:1:1-5 test `test_parses`
  = hint: if not crashing is the check, say so with an `ur-allow: no-assertion` comment; otherwise assert on the result of the call the test is about
  = see: Testing on the Toilet: Effective Testing, Google Testing Blog (2014-05-07), https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/05/testing-on-toilet-effective-testing.html
0 clone classes and 1 test finding in 1 file

# shop/notify.py
def notify_paid(order, mailer):
    subject = "Order " + order.id + " is paid"
    body = render("paid.txt", order=order, total=order.total)
    mailer.send(order.email, subject, body)
    log.info("sent paid notice for %s", order.id)
    return subject


def notify_shipped(order, mailer):
    subject = "Order " + order.id + " has shipped"
    body = render("shipped.txt", order=order, total=order.total)
    mailer.send(order.email, subject, body)
    log.info("sent shipped notice for %s", order.id)
    return subject


def notify_refunded(order, mailer):
    subject = "Order " + order.id + " is refunded"
    body = render("refunded.txt", order=order, total=order.total)
    mailer.send(order.email, subject, body)
    log.info("sent refunded notice for %s", order.id)
    return subject

$ ur report
opportunity[near-miss-clone]: 3 runs of 5 statements are alike but for 3 values: `" has shipped"` / `" is paid"` / `" is refunded"`; `"paid.txt"` / `"refunded.txt"` / `"shipped.txt"`; `"sent paid notice for %s"` / `"sent refunded notice for %s"` / `"sent shipped notice for %s"` (saves about 6 lines)
  --> shop/notify.py:2:5-6 in `notify_paid`
  --> shop/notify.py:10:5-14 in `notify_shipped`
  --> shop/notify.py:18:5-22 in `notify_refunded`
  = hint: write one function that takes the values that differ as parameters, or a table of them, and use it at each site
1 opportunity saving about 6 lines in all